There is no mention of muta or temporary marriage in the Quran. Those who try to justify it from the Quran, they use a twisted translation and explanation of the Quranic verse 4:24 where Allah is mentioning about dowry payment to the bride.
Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those (captives and slaves) whom your right hands possess. Thus has Allah ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek (them in marriage) with Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) from your property, desiring chastity, not committing illegal sexual intercourse, so with those of whom you have enjoyed sexual relations, give them their Mahr as prescribed; but if after a Mahr is prescribed, you agree mutually (to give more), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knowing, All-Wise. (4:24)
Along with some other places, in this chapter the Quran describes rules of marriage from 4:19-25. Taking one verse out of it, and then taking one part out of it, and redefining the Mahr as a payment for temporary sexual relationship is misrepresenting the Quran and twisting its real teaching.
Even going further, some supporters of Muta argue that the Arabic word اسْتَمْتَعْتُمْ used in this verse is derived from مْتَعْ and refers to the temporary marriage. But this is not correct either, since Quran in many other places has use the same word in totally other meanings. A more detail on the grammar on this word can be found here:
Quran 4:24 against mutah : verse under microscope
Islamic marriage according to the Quran is a permanent contract between a man and a woman with no option to impose a time limit. Once married, both man and woman are expected to follow rest of the teachings related to marriage as well, which relate to family, children, relatives, matters of chastity and inheritance, etc. This is how a true islamic marriage works.
Plus, temporary marriage is also forbidden in over 30 ahadees, which exist in all of the six most authentic books of ahadees, i.e. sihah sitta. A list of all these ahadees can be found here:
Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) ahadees on Muta
Ahadees show that Muta was allowed to some Muslims at one point in time in the early Islamic history. But it was later forbidden. The reason is also very simple, that the rules of marriage were not revealed at that time. In the early history of Islam drinking was also permissible and even prayers were offered while facing Baitul Muqaddas, Jerusalem, not Kaa’ba. As the Quran was revealed with updated laws, old laws were changed accordingly. And it took 23 years until the Quran was fully revealed since the prophet Mohammadﷺ declared his prophethood in 610 AD. This makes the revelation of Quran a period from 610 AD to 633 AD. What was completed in 633 AD is what is considered to be the final law.
Muhammad b. 'Ali narrated on the authority of his father 'Ali that Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) on the Day of Khaibar prohibited for ever the contracting of temporary marriage and eating of the flesh of the domestic asses. [Muslim]
Rabi' b. Sabra reported on the authority of his father that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade on the Day of Victory to contract temporary marriage with women. [Muslim]
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Is Muta (Temporary Marriage) allowed in Islam?
The Temporary (Muta) Marriage is prohibited in Islam
Muta marriage is forbidden according also to the Shia sources ...
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